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Figure 1


Fig. 1. A forward-sinking parrot cichlid executing a caudal fin-wave propagation (CFP). (A) Lateral view of the fish with a tilted-down swimming posture: head down and tail up. A wave of bending passes through the surface of the caudal fin. The dashed blue line indicates the lateral midline defined as a line connecting the midpoint of the peduncle base and the fish mouth. {theta}b is the body angle. CM, the center of mass of the fish body, is indicated by the black and white checked circle. The yellow curved lines represent the leading edge of the pectoral fins in A and B. (B) Dorsal view of the fish. The pectoral fins are simultaneously maneuvering. (C) An example of a time series of traces of the trailing edge of the caudal fin of a parrot cichlid executing forward sinking via a caudal fin-wave propagation (observed from behind the fish and a laboratory-bound reference frame). These traces illustrate kinematical features of the CFP motion. T1–T12 denote the time steps associated with each traces. The black and red filled circles represent the dorsal and ventral tips, respectively, of the trailing edge of the caudal fin.





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