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Fig. 10. Normal forces during vertical maneuvers of great cormorants as a function
of the position inside the obstacle course. Each black line is the net normal
force generated by a single bird (out of N=8 birds). The net force is
calculated by summing the forces normal to the instantaneous swimming
direction from the motion of the body, tail, neck and foot propulsion. The
forces are calculated for the birds passing through the obstacle course at the
highest difficulty level (0.36 m between barriers, see
Fig. 1). Filled and open
columns denote centrifugal force and the component of buoyancy that is normal
to the swimming direction, respectively. These forces are estimated based a
mean body mass of 2 kg and the average instantaneous swimming speed, swimming
direction and turning radius (see text). All forces are positive when they are
directed above the bird's trajectory and negative when they are directed below
it. The vertical arrows point to the position of the barriers on the adjusted
horizontal axis. The horizontal axis is the same as in Figs
5,
6,
7,
8,
9 to allow equivalent
evaluation.
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