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Figure 2


Fig. 2. Definition of the diameter and angle relative to the horizon of the vortex ring generated at the outer wing during the end of the upstroke (see text) as seen in the streamwise [x–z] (A) and transverse [y–z] (B) planes. The small vortices (small orange- and blue-filled circles) represent the outer wing vortex ring. The large circles represent start (orange) and stop (blue) in A and mid-wing vortices in B. The inserted wake models of the near wake at a flight speed of 4 m s–1, as suggested previously (Hedenström et al., 2007), show the laser sheet cut through the wake. Blue cross-stream tubes represent start vorticity and red cross-stream tubes stop vorticity. Blue streamwise tubes represent tip vortices and red streamwise tubes root vortices. At the end of the upstroke the outer wing sheds separate vortex rings, shown in dark red.





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