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Fig. 1. Wake velocity and vorticity (s–1) plots of the near wake
in the streamwise plane [x, z] for the outer wing (A), inner
wing (B) and centre of the body (C) at a flight speed 1.5 m
s–1, and in the transverse plane [y, z] at
mid-downstroke (D), mid-upstroke (E) and end of upstroke (F) at a flight speed
of 4 m s–1. The white arrow indicates the vortex ring
generated at the outer wing during the end of the upstroke. Vorticity is
scaled according to the colour bar to the right of each row and vectors are
scaled according to the reference vector (modified from
Hedenström et al.,
2007).