Files in this Data Supplement:

• Supplemental Table S1 - Adobe PDF

• Supplemental Table S2 - Adobe PDF

• Supplemental Table S3 - Adobe PDF

• Supplemental Table S4 - Adobe PDF

• Supplemental Table S5 - Adobe PDF

• Supplemental Table S6 - Adobe PDF

• Supplemental Table S7 - Adobe PDF

• Supplemental Figure S1 -

  Fig. S1. Experimental set-up in the test section of the wind tunnel for studying the aerodynamics of bat flight. The pulsed laser (Nd:YAG) emits pairwise pulses that generate a light sheet in the test section through a sequence of mirrors and lenses. The CCD array camera (dpiv cam) captures paired images from the light sheet, which are directly read to a hard disk (PC). The laser and cameras are synchronized by a digital delay generator (dg). Simultaneously the flying bat is filmed using two high-speed video cameras (kincam) for kinematic data. The bat is flying near the outlet of a manually controlled feeder providing honey-water (about 20% sucrose solution). Images were obtained with the light sheet oriented (A) streamwise x, z and (B) transverse y, z. In the transverse flow the dpiv camera was moved to a position downstream from the bat inside the test section.

• Supplemental Figure S2 -

  Fig. S2. Rear view of the bat during mid-downstroke. Sections indicate classification of the spanwise position of the light sheet. Lz, outer wing; ly, mid-wing; lx, inner wing; and lr, wing root and body.

• Supplemental Figure S3 -

  Fig. S3. Raw data, means ± s.e.m. for the outer wing (lz, blue), mid-wing (ly, green), inner wing (lx, red) and mid-body (lr, black), for Bat 11 plotted against flight speed (U). Maximum non-dimensional vorticity (ωc/U) of the main start (upper half of graph) or stop (lower half) vortex for the streamwise plane x, z in the near (A) and far (B) wake. Non-dimensional circulation (Γ/Uc) of the main start and stop vortex for the streamwise plane x, z in the near (C) and far (D) wake. Non-dimensional total start and stop circulation (Γ_tot/Uc) for the streamwise plane x, z in the near (E) and far (F) wake. Circulation of the main start and stop vortex (in the x, z-plane) in relation to the total start and stop circulation, respectively, for the different wing positions in the near (G) and far wake (H). Non-dimensional circulation (I) and non-dimensional vorticity (J) of the tip and root vortices for the transverse plane z, y during three phases of the wing beat, mid-down stroke (P1), mid-upstroke (P2) and beginning of downstroke (P3).

• Supplemental Figure S4 -

  Fig. S4. Raw data, means ± s.e.m. for Bat 17. See Fig. S3 for an explanation of the figure.