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Fig. 1. Marker placements on a representative African elephant. (A) Subject G
(Table 1) in oblique right
lateral view showing all skin markers (back markers shown are not used in this
study). (B) Relationship of markers with underlying skeleton. (C) Definitions
of segment and joint angles [picture modified from Shoshani
(Shoshani, 1992)]. Palpated
anatomical positions of markers (Smuts and
Bezuidenhout, 1993; Smuts and
Bezuidenhout, 1994): lateral side of greater tubercle of humerus,
lateral epicondyle of humerus, styloid process of ulna, toenail of manus digit
3, caudal side of accessory carpal, greater trochanter of femur (just caudal
to tuber coxae of ilium), lateral epicondyle of femur (just caudal and
proximal to patella), lateral malleolus of fibula, middle of toenail of pes
digit 3, caudal side of calcaneal tuber. We only used the calcaneus and carpal
markers to identify touch-down/lift-off events (see Materials and Methods).
The segmental angles were calculated relative to a vertical line through the
proximal marker of each segment; only shown precisely for the upper arm and
thigh segments.
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