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Fig. 4. Crowding, the memory augmentation procedure and LTM formation. Snails
(N=52; 26 operantly conditioned, 26 yoked controls) were described in
Fig. 3A. (A) Snails that
received the operant conditioning procedure were randomly divided into two
groups immediately following TS. One group (N=12) was subjected to
crowded conditions for 24h, while the other group (N=14) was
maintained for 24h in the control, uncrowded conditions. All snails were then
tested for memory (MT). The data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA
(F51,4=5.107 P<0.01) followed by a
Tukey–Kramer comparison test. As can be seen (B) LTM was not present.
That is, the number of attempted openings in MT was not statistically
different from TS (P>0.05). (C) By contrast, snails not subjected
to crowding exhibited LTM. The number of attempted openings in MT of this
group was statistically different from TS (*P<0.01).
Yoked control snails subjected to either crowding or uncrowded conditions
showed no statistical difference from TS (P>0.05 for each
comparison) nor were they statistically different from each other
(P>0.05). Values are means ± s.e.m.
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