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Fig. 3. Long-term (LTM) and intermediate-term (ITM) memory formation following the
memory augmentation procedure. (A) A group of naïve snails
(N=20) received the KCl bath immediately before a 30-min TS in
hypoxic pond water. We tested for memory 24h later (MT). Each time the snail
attempted to open its pneumostome it received a tactile stimulus to the
pneumostome. These snails were then challenged (2h later) to a
change-of-context (carrot context) session (CT). The data were subjected to a
repeated-measures ANOVA (F19,2=22.183; P<0.01)
followed by a Tukey–Kramer comparison test. The number of attempted
openings in MT is significantly less than in TS
(*P<0.01). The number of attempted openings in CT is
not significantly different from in TS (P>0.05) but is
significantly greater than MT (P<0.01). (B) As in A, except memory
was tested 2h after TS. MT is significantly less than TS, showing that ITM had
formed (*P<0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant
difference between the response when the context was changed (CT) and TS
(P>0.05). The analysis in B was obtained using a Friedman's Test
followed by a Dunn's Multiple Comparison test. Values are means ±
s.e.m.
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