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Fig. 1. Visual and olfactory stimuli were delivered to a fly tethered within a
computer-controlled flight-simulator modified with odor delivery. (A) The
tethered fly was suspended in the center of a cylindrical array of LEDs.
Mass-flow-regulated water or apple-cider vinegar vapor was delivered to the
antennae and removed continuously with a gentle vacuum to produce a continuous
plume. (B) Flies were presented with wide-field patterns of rotation and
expansion stimuli. Space-time plots indicate the movement in time of one
representative horizontal row of the visual display. FOE, focus of expansion;
FOC, focus of contraction.