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Fig. 4. Transitions between behavioral states throughout the day. (A) An example of
a forager. (B) An example of a callow with apparent around-the-clock activity.
(C) An example of a callow with apparent circadian rhythm in activity. The
three bees are from colony H3. Note that the two callow bees manifested all
three sleep stages. A, active; IA/G, immobile–active or grooming; FS,
first sleep stage; SS, second sleep stage; TS, third sleep stage. For details
on behavioral states see Fig. 1
and Table 1. Gray background
indicates sleep stages; white background indicates awake states. The
horizontal bars at the bottom of the plots depict the subjective time: black
bars, subjective night; hatched bars, subjective day. (D) Sleep bout duration
(mean ± s.e.m.). Bout duration differed between foragers and callows
(two-way ANOVA, age effect, P=0.04) (E) Number of sleep bouts per day
(mean ± s.e.m.). The number of sleep bouts differed between foragers
and callows (two-way ANOVA, P=0.016). Numbers within boxes indicate
the sample size (pooled from the three colonies). Filled bars, foragers; open
bars, callows. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference
between foragers and callows.
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