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Fig. 2. Comparison of key features of the flight motor pattern in deafferented
locust preparations released by various treatments: (from left to right) wind
stimulation, pilocarpine, carbachol, octopamine, dopamine, tyramine and
finally by wind and pilocarpine after amine depletion. Values are means +
s.d., from 100 cycles, 20 from each of five animals for each condition. (A)
Rhythm frequency. Note the elevated frequency of the cholinergic-induced
patterns. (B) Depressor elevator (DE) and elevator depressor (ED) latencies.
The DE latency is longer than the ED latency. (C) Phase. The phase of the
elevator in the depressor cycle is greater for flight released by the amines.
(D) Hind–forewing (HF) latency. The forewing depressor muscles lag
several milliseconds behind the homologous hindwing muscles in all cases. (E)
Left–right wing (LR) latency. The homologous depressor muscles of the
two body sides are activated in near synchrony for all treatments. Asterisks
in A, C and D indicate significant differences from the wind-induced flight
motor pattern (unpaired two-tailed t-test); asterisks in B indicate
significant differences between the DE and ED latencies (paired two-tailed
t-test). *P<0.05;
**P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
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