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First published online May 30, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, vi (2008)
Copyright © 2008 The Company of Biologists Limited
doi: 10.1242/jeb.011601
Outside JEB |
HAEMOGLOBIN EVOLUTION IN MAMMALS
University of British Columbia
scott{at}zoology.ubc.ca
|
Haemoglobin is one of the most studied proteins in biology. It binds and
transports oxygen in our blood, and releases it at our cells to fuel
metabolism. Adult haemoglobin is composed of four subunits, two 
-globin
subunits and two β-globin subunits, and the interaction between these
subunits dictates many oxygen binding characteristics of the protein. Unlike
adults, however, embryos and fetuses cannot breathe for themselves, and so
have very different oxygen transport requirements. To accommodate this, the
haemoglobin of placental mammals has a high affinity for oxygen before birth,
which is helpful for loading oxygen into the blood. After birth and the
development of the cardiorespiratory system, haemoglobin oxygen affinity
decreases. This change in haemoglobin function occurs because there are
different forms of the haemoglobin subunits, which arose from duplications of
ancestral genes, and their expression changes throughout development. Early
and late expression β-globins exist in all mammalian groups, not just in
placental mammals, so Juan Opazo and colleagues from the University of
Nebraska wondered how these genes evolved.
The authors used phylogenetic techniques to determine the evolutionary relationships between 168 β-globin genes from across the vertebrates. This approach takes advantage of the fact that closely related genes are often more similar in DNA sequence than more distantly related genes. The authors were particularly interested in comparing the three mammalian subclasses: placental mammals, which includes humans, elephants and mice; marsupials, which includes kangaroos and opossums; and monotremes, which includes platypuses and echidnas. Their simplest prediction was that the β-globin gene was duplicated in the common ancestor of all mammals, and if this were so, the early and late expressed β-globins would form separate clades in the phylogeny. In other words, all of the early expressed genes would be more closely related to each other than to any of the late expressed genes, and vice versa.
However, the researchers did not see two separate clades, but observed something very different: early and late β-globins from monotremes were more similar to each other than to any of the β-globins from other mammals. This observation made Opazo and colleagues suspect that the early and late forms of monotreme β-globins arose from a gene duplication that occurred after this subclass split from other mammals. The presence of different β-globins in multiple mammalian lineages therefore seemed to arise from two distinct duplication events.
But the coding sequence of duplicated genes can sometimes evolve in concert if they have similar functions, and thus become similar in sequence. The β-globin genes of monotremes could therefore appear to be more closely related than they actually are, so Opazo and colleagues decided to test this possibility and analysed the non-coding DNA sequences flanking each gene. In doing so they found that the flanking regions of the early and late genes in monotremes were also more similar to each other than to the β-globins from other mammals. In addition, when they looked at all the DNA sequence around the globin genes, they saw that monotremes had a unique arrangement of duplicated DNA sequences, different from other mammals. These observations affirmed the authors' conclusion that independent duplication events in monotremes and other mammals led to the occurrence of both early and late β-globin genes in all mammals. These probably evolved later in both lineages to deal with the differing oxygen transport requirements before and after birth.
Despite being one of the best studied proteins in biology, studies of haemoglobin are still providing insight into how physiological systems evolve. Natural selection has formed complex physiological systems, and Opazo and colleagues have brought us one step closer to understanding how the evolution of genes can make this happen.
References
Opazo, J. C., Hoffmann, F. G. and Storz, J. F.
(2008). Genomic evidence for independent origins of β-like
globin genes in monotremes and therian mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 105,1590
-1595.
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