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Figure 3


Fig. 3. Examples of frequency jumps and subharmonics in mockingbird song (bird m123). (A) Frequency jumps occurred with airflow through only the right (arrow a) or left (arrow c) side of the syrinx. Arrow b indicates a shift from a 0.5f0 to 0.25f0 subharmonic regime. Arrow c indicates a shift between a 0.33f0 and 0.5f0 subharmonic regime. (B) Expanded views of the sound waveform at each arrow in spectrogram (A), showing the abrupt changes in oscillation patterns at bifurcation points. (C) Power spectrum taken at arrow b, showing spectral peaks at f0 and its harmonics (2f0, 3f0, etc.), as well as at fractional integer values corresponding with a 0.25f0 subharmonic, and its harmonics. fL and fR, rate of airflow through left and right bronchus, respectively. Airflow associated with positive pressure is expiratory, and that associated with negative pressure is inspiratory. P, pressure in the cranial thoracic air sac; V, oscillogram of vocalization (sound waveform). Horizontal lines in (A) indicate ambient pressure or zero airflow.





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