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Fig. 3. Phylogenies of the UV, B and LW opsin genes of each of the five butterfly
families including genes corresponding to the visual pigments shown in
Fig. 2. The neighbor-joining
method using 1st+2nd nucleotide positions and the Tamura-Nei model of
evolution was used. Numbers represent the percentage of trees in which a
particular node was recovered out of 500 replicates. The moths Manduca
sexta (Sphingidae) and Bombyx mori (Bombycidae) are used as
outgroups. (A) UV opsin gene tree. Opsin genes encoding the UV-absorbing
visual pigments in Fig. 2 are
indicated by bold gray. In each of the butterfly species shown, the UV visual
pigment is encoded by a single-copy gene. The full-length UV opsin cDNA of
A. mormo is newly presented in this study (GenBank accession no.
AY587905). (B) B opsin gene tree. Opsin genes encoding the B-absorbing visual
pigments in Fig. 2 are shown in
bold purple. Duplications of the B opsin gene have been observed twice in
independent butterfly lineages: once in the pierid P. rapae giving
rise to the violet receptor (PrV) (light purple)
(Arikawa et al., 2005), and
once in the lycaenid L. rubidus, giving rise to a blue–green
(B2)-sensitive photopigment (BRh2; blue)
(Sison-Mangus et al., 2006).
(C) LW opsin gene tree. Opsin genes encoding the LW-absorbing visual pigments
shown in Fig. 2 are indicated
by bold orange, yellow and green. LW opsin gene duplications have occurred in
three of five butterfly families independently. Besides those in
Papilio, LW opsin duplicate genes have been recovered from the eye of
the riodinid Apodemia mormo and from the genomic DNA of the nymphalid
Hermeuptychia hermes (not shown)
(Frentiu et al., 2007a). Scale
bars indicate substitutions per site.
