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Fig. 4. Nocturnal landmark orientation in the nocturnal halictid bee Megalopta
genalis. (A) A typical nocturnal orientation flight, as seen from below.
The bee leaves her nest, and quickly returns to face the nest entrance. Flying
in short arcs, she investigates the nest entrance and a neighbouring landmark
to learn their spatial arrangement before departing on her foraging trip. Each
`ball-and-stick' represents the position of the head (ball) and body (stick)
at 40 ms intervals. (B,C) Landmark learning. Bees leaving for a foraging trip
learn the position of their nest relative to others (B), or learn the presence
of a white square card attached to their nest (C). Upon return, bees enter the
nest marked by the landmarks they have previously learned, not their actual
nests (which are marked by stars). The rear side of the square card was
attached to a Perspex cylinder that slipped neatly over the end of the nest
stick to hold the card in place over the nest entrance. Times and light
intensities at departure and return are also shown. Adapted from Warrant et
al. (Warrant et al.,
2004).
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