spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

Right arrow Help viewing high resolution images
Right arrow Return to article

(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds.
If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)
Click on image to view larger version.


Figure 4


Fig. 4. Conditioned place preference despite an adverse stimulus. Fish were punished by 3 s removal from the tank each time they entered the treatment-paired side: (A) punished versus unpunished/restricted control fish; (B,D) nicotine-treated and paired control fish; (C,E) ethanol-treated and paired control fish. (A) Fish that were punished by removal from the tank for 3 s made significantly fewer returns to the treatment side compared with unpunished/restricted fish (two-sample t-test *P<0.01). (B,C), Number of returns made to the drug-paired side in the face of restriction or punishment. Data were subject to two-way repeat-measures ANOVA analysis followed by post-hoc, paired or two-sample, t-test, as appropriate, followed by Bonferroni adjustment. Following Bonferroni adjustment comparisons were significant at the P<0.01 level. (B) Fish that had been conditioned for 4 weeks with 30 µmol l–1 nicotine made more returns to the drug-paired side than control fish when either restricted (two-sample t-test, P=0.03) or punished (two-sample t-test, *P<0.01). 3 s removal from the tank caused a significant reduction in returns made by control fish (paired t-test, restricted compared with punished, **P<0.01) but not nicotine-treated fish. Repeat-measures two-way ANOVA analysis showed there to be a significant interaction between drug treatment and punishment (punishment plus drug interaction F1,34=8.74, P=0.006). (C) 3 s removal from the tank caused a significant reduction (paired t-test, restricted compared with punished, *P<0.01) in number of returns made by both control fish and fish that had been conditioned for 4 weeks with 175 mmol l–1 ethanol. Fish that had been conditioned for 4 weeks with 175 mmol l–1 ethanol made significantly more returns to the drug-paired side when punished (two-sample t-test **P<0.01) but not restricted. Repeat measures two way ANOVA analysis showed there to be a significant interaction between drug treatment and punishment (punishment plus drug interaction F1,34=7.24, P=0.011). (D,E) Significantly increased drug seeking despite punishment persisted over 21 days of abstinence (two-sample t-test, *P<0.05 drug-treated compared with control).





Right arrow Return to article