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Fig. 5. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of untreated and EDTA-treated cement deposits
on glass coverslips. Each approach-retract curve represents an adhesive test
performed on a single cement spot. An AFM cantilever with a glass bead
attached to the end (A) is brought into contact with the edge of the cement
and pressed down with 10 nN for 3 s. The EDTA curves are offset by –10
nN for clarity. With cantilever retraction, an adhesion force is measured (B)
(curves are offset by 10 nN for better visibility). After 500 pulls at the
same spot, the chamber was flushed with EDTA and 500 pulls were recorded at
the initial spot. The pulling length, maximum force and energy dissipation
were calculated for each trial (500 pulls for each condition on one sample).
One trial is shown in (C); error bars represent s.d.; SW, seawater. (D) The
repeatability and the time dependence of the adhesion for the trial shown in
C, with each square representing one pull.
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