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Fig. 1. Set-up of miniature force gauge (A) and force calibration curve (B). Force
was measured by the deflection of the stainless steel arm. The worm tube on a
coverslip was secured to the spring arm by being sandwiched between a pair of
magnets, as shown in the close-up picture of the deflection measurement set-up
(C). Pull-out tests were viewed at a magnification of 40 using a binocular
light microscope.