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Fig. 8. Single wing and clap-and-fling induced pitching moments at various flapping
conditions. (A) Mean pitching moment produced by a single wing, assuming a
body angle of 30° and a distance between wing hinge and COG of 0.2 wing
length. (B) Mean temporal distribution of pitching moment augmentation (red,
left scale) ± s.d. (grey area) due to clap-and-fling wing beat of all
17 kinematic patterns used in the present study. Black line (right scale)
indicates variation in the data set during two complete stroke cycles. (C,D)
Augmentation of pitching moment due to clap-and-fling plotted against mean
vertical force 
in C and mean
vertical force augmentation in D. (E,F) Alteration in pitching moment
for the three kinematic examples in Figs
5,
6,
7, shown as a function of body
angle 
at 
=0.2 wing length in
E and as a function of distance
between wing hinge and COG at a body
angle of 30° in F.
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