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Fig. 5. Forces generated by three different kinematic patterns that yield
approximately the same mean vertical force coefficients (
1.51) during
wing flapping. Stroke pattern in the left, middle and right column is A, J and
M, respectively (Fig. 2).
(AC) Vertical force Fv and (DF) horizontal
force Fh acting on the wing for one wing flapping (black)
and while flapping a mirror wing in close distance on the other side of the
robotic flapper (red). (GI) Translational angular wing motion (black),
the wing's angle of attack (blue) and heaving motion (green) of two stroke
cycles for the three kinematic patterns A, J, M.