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Fig. 1. Conditioning procedures for conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in snails. (A)
The one-trial conditioning procedure. (B) The 10-trial conditioning procedure.
The conditioned stimulus (CS) was 5 ml of either 10 mmol l–1
sucrose solution or 0.3% carrot juice, and the unconditioned stimulus (US) in
all cases was 5 ml of 10 mmol l–1 KCl solution. The CS and US
were added to the Petri dish using a pipette for 15 s with a 15 s
inter-stimulus interval. The inter-trial interval was 10 min in the 10-trial
conditioning procedure. Before and after the conditioning procedure, the CS
was applied to the lips and washed off with distilled water. Then, the feeding
response was determined for 1 min as a pre-test or a post-test. A
backward-conditioning (US–CS) control procedure and a naive (presented
only with distilled water) control procedure were also employed. (C)
Inhibitory leaning. After a 10-trial backward-conditioning procedure, a normal
one-trial CTA conditioning procedure was used. As a control, the naive
procedure was employed instead of the backward-conditioning procedure. We also
used two different CSs, CS1 (10 mmol l–1 sucrose) and CS2
(0.3% carrot juice), and one US (10 mmol l–1 KCl). All the
conditioning procedures were performed with a blind protocol.
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