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Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree of the Nymphalidae compiled from published trees
(Brower, 1994;
Brower and Egan, 1997;
Penz, 1999; Wahlberg and
Zimmermann, 2000; Willmott et al.,
2001; Wahlberg,
2001; Penz and DeVries,
2002; Blum et al.,
2003; Wahlberg et al.,
2003; Frietas and Brown, Jr, 2004;
Murray and Prowell, 2005;
Silva-Brandão et al.,
2005; Wahlberg et al.,
2005a; Wahlberg et al.,
2005b) (A. V. Z. Brower, personal communication). Branch lengths
are arbitrary. Black branches indicate a forest light environment, while white
branches indicate open habitat. Ancestral branch states that could not be
resolved by MacClade are hatched. Gains and losses of the polarized
reflectance trait are shown as red and blue hatch marks, respectively. A
concentrated changes test shows robust support for the correlated evolution of
polarized reflectance patterns with life in forest environments
(P
0.008).
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