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Fig. A3. (A) Calibration curve comparing weight exerted by a test tube on the surface to pressure exerted by a balloon inflated in a crack in the gelatin. The areas of the primary compression fringes on each side of the balloon were measured separately (^* and +), and regressions are shown as dotted lines (r²=0.65 and 0.62; N=13). The regression through the test-tube data (x; solid line; r²=0.998; N=6) was extended through the ranges of the balloon data. (B) Stress contours from franc2d models of stress on the surface (Bi), along the crack starting at the tip (Bii), and along the crack starting 0.002 m up from the tip (Biii). The models are 2-D representations of the y–z plane in the 3-D experiments. Stress (500 Pa) is exerted along 0.0089 m in each model and is indicated by vectors. In each image, red and white colors indicate compressive stress; blue is tensile stress. Images were thresholded to the light red/white boundary (scale bar=0.005 m).

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