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Figure 3


Fig. 3. Single frame ultrasound image of the medial gastrocnemius from one subject. Three sets of three points (white crosses) were marked on the first frame to identify the lines of the superficial aponeurosis (top white line), the deep aponeurosis (bottom white line) and a muscle fascicle (diagonal white line). The length of the fascicles (lf) is defined by the intersections of the three lines (white circles). The pennation angle of the fascicles ({alpha}) is the acute angle between the fascicle line and the deep aponeurosis line. The longitudinal displacement of the fascicle (d) is used to calculate the length of the tendon (length of the muscle–tendon unit – d).





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