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Fig. 1. (A) Schematic diagram of the preparation used to initiate and monitor skin
impulses in stage 37/38 Xenopus embryos. SKC (sharp), sharp
microelectrode for intracellular recording from skin cells; SKC (patch), patch
microelectrode for intracellular recording from skin cells; SKC (ext),
extracellular recording suction electrode on skin; Stim (ext), extracellular
stimulating suction electrode on skin; VR (ext), extracellular recording
suction electrode on ventral root; YS, yolk sac. Scale bar, 1 mm. (B)
Intracellular recording from a skin cell with a sharp microelectrode (lower
trace) reveals a long duration impulse that is approximately coincident with a
multi-phasic impulse recorded extracellularly from a nearby patch of skin
(upper trace). (C) Intracellular recording with a patch microelectrode (lower
trace) reveals a skin impulse with a similar shape to that recorded with a
sharp microelectrode, except that the rising phase is faster. The same
stimulus that initiates a skin impulse initiates swimming monitored by an
extracellular recording from the ventral root (upper trace). (B,C) The broken
horizontal line is set at 0 mV. The asterisk indicates the time of the
stimulus.