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Fig. 1. (A). Open habitat of giant kelp forest in shallow (10–15 m depth),
coastal waters offshore of Point Loma, San Diego, California (photo credit:
Eric Hanauer). Bar, 25 cm. (B) Within this forest, adult red abalone aggregate
underneath ledges and in crevices among rocky reefs. Hydrodynamic measurements
characterized the physical properties of adult microhabitats and the open
forest environment (photo credit: Eric Hanauer). Bar, 15 cm. (C) Each adult
male or female spawns gametes into the sea via excurrent tremata,
small holes in the shell that connect the mantle cavity (exit site for
reproductive products) and surrounding ocean. The epipodium (lateral lobe of
the foot) contains many small tentacles that are used in sensing water motion;
two large cephalic tentacles (not shown) protrude from the head (to the left,
arrow) and function primarily in olfaction (photo credit: L. Ignacio Vilchis).
Bar, 1.0 cm. (D) Spawning of sperm by a single adult male. Propulsive forces
generated by the muscular contractions of its foot ultimately produce a gamete
jet, or plume (photo credit: Larry Friesen). Bar, 0.5 cm.