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Fig. 5. Net mechanical efficiency computed two different ways for walking with the
preferred stride rate (0), and with stride rates above (+) and below (–)
the preferred rate. Efficiency was computed either including (closed circles)
or excluding (open squares) the magnitude of the negative power in the
denominator of the efficiency expression (see text for details). When negative
power was ignored, the computed efficiency was higher, with the effect being
greater at higher stride rates. The overall dependence of mechanical
efficiency on stride rate was similar for both expressions.