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Fig. 3. (A) Representative data recordings of plantaris longus force (red),
whole-muscle length (blue), and activation (black) from a single burst
swimming trial of frog 5. Broken lines on the length and force traces
represent resting muscle length (Lrest, measured when the
animal was unmoving in the aquarium) and resting force, respectively. Vertical
dotted lines (1–5) illustrate kinematic stages defining the stroke
cycle. The ankle joint is highlighted in red. A swimming stroke begins with a
propulsive phase characterized by rapid joint extension (1–3). The
recovery phase that follows (3–5) prepares the limb for the next stroke
by returning the leg to its initial configuration. (B) Expanded view of data
record in A to show a single stroke cycle. (C) Four in vivo work
loops (representing four consecutive swimming strokes) are plotted directly
from force–length data shown in the data traces in A. The colored bars
above the length trace shown in A match the work loop colors to show how the
force–length data were partitioned to calculate work and power. Muscle
power (W kg–1 muscle) is shown for each stroke.
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