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Fig. 1. Electrode implantation and force transducer calibration. (A) Anatomy of the
plantaris longus in the X. leavis hindlimb showing implantation of
electrodes. Muscle activity and changes in muscle fascicle length were
measured by bi-polar EMG electrodes and sonomicrometry crystals, respectively.
Plantaris longus force was measured by a strain gauge force transducer (inset)
tied to the inner surface of the Achilles tendon (see text for further
details). (B) Representative tendon force transducer calibration (frog 5). The
foot was removed from the animal and the plantaris muscle was mechanically
isolated from proximal tissues (see text) allowing the muscle–tendon
unit to be mounted in-line with a calibrated load cell in a simple jig. (C)
The data record shows force from the calibrated load cell (broken line) and
the voltage output from the force transducer (solid line) for a series of
loading cycles. (D) Load cell force is plotted against force transducer output
to show the linear response of the force transducer over the cycles shown in
C.
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