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Fig. 4. Representations of vortex wakes shed from the wings of a thrush nightingale
Luscinia luscinia at slow (A), medium (B) and fast (C) flight speeds
in a wind tunnel, measured using digital particle image velocimetry [DPIV
(from Spedding et al., 2003)].
Red and blue indicate the wake from upstroke and downstroke, respectively.
Both phases of the wingbeat are aerodynamically active at each speed, and
there are prominent cross-stream vortices apparent at the ends of half-strokes
during slower flight (A,B) and throughout the wingbeat cycle during faster
flight (C).
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