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Fig. 9. Variation in angle of attack (
) within wingbeats in rufous
hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus, N=5) flying at velocities of 0-12 m
s-1. Wingbeat duration is expressed as a percentage of the entire
wingbeat. The broken line indicates wrist elevation relative to mid-frontal
plane of body, and the shaded area indicates downstroke. Values are means
± s.d.