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Fig. 7. Dorsal and lateral views of wingtip and wrist paths with translation due to
free-stream velocity (V) and time. These data are from a rufous
hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) flying at velocities of 0-12 m
s-1 (same subject as in Fig.
2). All x-axes represent 500 mm along a flight path.
Solid line=wingtip, dotted line=wrist. Shaded regions indicate downstroke as
defined using wrist motion. For each downstroke, wingtip excursion exceeded
wrist excursion in all dimensions, so the shaded regions would be enlarged if
downstroke were based on motion of the wingtip.
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