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Fig. 2. Wing motion relative to the body of a rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus
rufus) flying at velocities of 0-12 m s-1. (A) Dorsal view
with bird silhouette at mid-downstroke. As we measured kinematics only from
the right wing, paths for the left-wing are mirror images. (B) Lateral view
with bird silhouette at start of downstroke. Black circles indicate position
of wingtips, and white circles indicate position of wrists. Paths of wing
motion are from 3D measurements, so circles within the paths are synchronized
for a given velocity. Circles and arrows indicate sequential position and
local direction of movement.
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