spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

Right arrow Help viewing high resolution images
Right arrow Return to article

(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds.
If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)
Click on image to view larger version.


Figure 1


Fig. 1. Angles and areas measured from wing and body motion of rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) during flight. Certain measures were bird-centered (A) and those in (B,C) were derived from global coordinates because they incorporated free-stream velocity. Filled-outlines of bird (A,B) illustrate wing at the start of downstroke, and broken-outline of wing illustrates wing position at the end of downstroke. (A) Black cross-section represents a pronated wing at mid-downstroke. {alpha}c=chord angle relative to mid-frontal plane of body with {alpha}c>0 for supination and {alpha}c<0 for pronation. ß=body angle relative to horizontal. {gamma}b=anatomical stroke-plane angle relative to mid-frontal plane of body. {gamma}h=tracking stroke-plane angle relative to horizontal. (B) {Psi}d and {Psi}u=global stroke-plane angle during downstroke and upstroke, respectively. (C) Global stroke-plane area was outlined by the wingtips during downstroke (dark gray areas) and upstroke (light gray areas) for each wingbeat.





Right arrow Return to article