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Fig. 9. The simple physics simulation of a flapping cockatoo shows that asymmetric
flapping causes instantaneous changes in roll angle. (A) The wing elevation
angles used in the simulation. The amplitude difference of 20°
approximates the larger amplitude asymmetries used by the turning cockatoos.
(B) The roll angle associated with the asymmetric wing elevation angles. The
simulated cockatoo has body and wing masses and moments of inertia identical
to those collected from the cockatoos in the study, but flies in a
null-gravity environment and generates no aerodynamic forces. Thus, all
changes in roll orientation are due to the torque required to flap the wings.
The somewhat non-sinusoidal behavior in the roll angle result is due to the
passive hinge joint at the wrist. An animation of this simulation is available
in supplementary material.
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