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Figure 5


Fig. 5. Wing angles (see Fig. 3) through five wingbeats of a left turn. (A) Wing elevation angle ({phi}) and (B) sweep angle ({theta}) measured at the wrist. (C) Elevation and (D) sweep angle measured at the tip. Both the wrist and tip angles contained right–left asymmetries throughout the wingbeat sequence. Asymmetries in position were most prominent at the stroke transitions and were much reduced by mid-stroke. Measurements made at the wrist typically encompassed a smaller range than measurements made at the tip because wrist flexion allows the tip continues to move ahead and below the bird near the end of downstroke while the wrist slows or even reverses direction.





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