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Fig. 10. (A) Relationship between instantaneous roll acceleration, measured at the
midpoint of the first half of downstroke, and the difference in wrist velocity
in the body coordinate system, measured at the same time. (B) Relationship
between inter-wingbeat roll acceleration and the difference in world
coordinate system wrist velocity at mid-downstroke. Note that the
y-axis scale in A is an order of magnitude larger than that in B. In
general, within-wingbeat roll accelerations were due to inertial effects and
therefore related to movements in the body coordinate system. Inter-wingbeat
roll accelerations include an aerodynamic component and therefore should be
related to velocities in the world coordinate system. The instantaneous and
inter-wingbeat roll accelerations were not correlated with one another, nor
were the wrist velocity differences measured in the two coordinate
systems.