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Fig. 11. Representative plot of the geometric effectiveness E measured at
0.95L, with example flow fields at approximately 25% and 75% through
the tail beat cycle. (A,B). Example flow fields showing the main flow patterns
as the tail moves from left to right (A) and from right to left (B). The tail
is shown in blue. Scale bars and scale vectors shown below the panels are
valid for both. Light passes through the tail to a small extent, allowing the
estimation of some vectors in the shadowed (right) side, but these vectors,
shown in gray, were not used in the effectiveness calculations. (C)
Effectiveness estimated assuming tail beats are symmetrical (red line) by
using the previous half tail beat to reconstruct flow in the shadowed side of
the tail. The black line shows the single-side effectiveness, using only the
flow on the illuminated side of the tail. Single-side effectiveness is higher
in the first half of the tail beat, showing that the tail is less effective at
sucking fluid laterally than it is at pushing it, probably due to its cupped
shape. The dotted lines show the times at which A and B were measured.
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