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Figure 4


Fig. 4. Phase shift as a function of frequency at amplitudes of 0.1 (circles), 0.5 (squares) and 1.0 mm (triangles). (A) As the leg underwent deflection (solid line), the induced force (broken line) peak lagged behind the maximum displacement. (B) This phase shift, {delta}, can be seen as the angle between the maximum force and displacement of the hysteresis loop. Energy lost (Elost) or hysteresis is shown in stipples. Energy of unloading (Eunloading) is shown as hatched. (C) In the fixed-coxa preparation, tan({delta}) remained constant as frequency increased, and decreased as amplitude increased. (D) In the free-coxa preparation, tan({delta}) remained constant as frequency increased, and increased as amplitude increased.





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