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Fig. 4. Second-order conditioning of feeding behavior in snails. (A) In the
pre-test session, sucrose (CS1; conditional stimulus 1) and carrot juice (CS2)
elicit similar feeding responses in naive snails (N=50). Conditioned
taste aversion (CTA) training with sucrose as the CS (CS1) and KCl as the US
was then performed. In the first post-test session, the CS1 elicited a
significantly smaller feeding response whereas the CS2 (carrot juice) elicited
a similar response as in the pre-test session. In the first post-test session,
the response elicited by sucrose (CS1) was also significantly less
(*P<0.01, Student's t-test) than that elicited by the
CS2. In the next phase of training, the CS2 (carrot juice) was paired with the
CS1 (sucrose). Following this training, a second post-test session was
performed. In this session, the feeding response elicited by CS2 (carrot
juice) was significantly less (*P<0.01, Student's t-test)
than the response it elicited in either the pre-test session. Notice, however,
that the response elicited by CS2 was still significantly greater
(*P<0.01, Student's t-test) than the response elicited by
CS1. The number of snails was reduced to 49 after the first-phase training
because one snail withdrew its body into its shell, and then 50 snails were
used for the second-phase training. (B) As in A (N=50), except that
carrot juice was the CS1 and sucrose the CS2. Identical results were obtained
as in A. The numbers of snails was reduced to 48 and 49 after the first-phase
training because 2 and 1 snail withdrew their bodies into their shells for the
CS1 and the CS2, respectively, and then 49 snails were used for each of the
second-phase training. All data are means ± s.e.m.
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