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Fig. 3. Taste discrimination following conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in snails.
(A) Sucrose was used as the conditional stimulus (CS) in the CTA training
procedure. In the pre-test session, sucrose (N=40, closed squares)
and carrot juice (N=40, open circles) elicited statistically similar
feeding responses. At specific times following CTA training, sucrose elicited
a significantly smaller feeding response than did carrot juice. Additionally,
the feeding response elicited by sucrose at each time point following CTA was
significantly less than it was in the pre-test session, whereas the feeding
response elicited by carrot juice did not change significantly over the course
of the experiment. The memory for CTA following this training procedure
persisted for at least 48 h (*P<0.01, Student's t-test).
The numbers of snails was reduced to 37 for carrot juice and 36 for sucrose at
48 h, because 3 and 4 snails, withdrew their bodies into their shells or died,
respectively. (B) As in A, except that carrot juice was used as the CS.
Similar results were obtained. All data are means ± s.e.m. The numbers
of snails became 38 for sucrose and 40 for carrot juice at 48 h because 2
snails for sucrose withdrew their bodies into the shells. The x-axes
are logarithmic scale. Thus snails are able to taste discriminate following
CTA learning, memory formation and memory persistence.
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