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Fig. 3. Economy (the inverse of cost of transport) as a function of normalized speed (v/v_p) and frequency (f/f_p). (A) The 3-D surface; (B) a flattened, overhead view of the surface, showing the distribution of the data points more clearly. Economy is used instead of cost of transport simply for visual clarity in depicting the surface shape. The surface is interpolated based on metabolic measurements from Cavanagh (1982) (red triangles), Rouviere (2002) (red circles), and Knuttgen (1961) (red squares), in which running parameters were fully constrained. The v-constrained metabolic measurements from Knuttgen (1961) (x), were considered to be outliers by virtue of the peculiar frequency selection of the subject in comparison to frequencies selected by subjects in other studies. The measurements of Liefeldt (1992) (+), were considered to be outliers because the costs were considerably lower than those reported in other studies under similar conditions. These two sets of outliers were not used to generate the cost surface. The color of the surface is determined by the height of the surface. Dark blue indicates regions of low economy (high cost), bright green indicates regions of high economy (low cost), and blue-green indicates regions of intermediate economy (intermediate cost).

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