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Fig. 1. A plot of speed-frequency relations for a single subject running under the
three constraint conditions imposed in this study. Red circles show
frequencies selected when speed is constrained in treadmill running, blue
circles show speeds selected when frequency is constrained in over-ground
running to a metronome beat, and green circles indicate the speed-frequency
combinations selected when step length is constrained by stepping in registry
with ground markers. Each relation was fit with a least-squares linear
regression with the constrained parameter as the independent variable, then
the relationship determined was converted to speed-frequency for comparison
(see text for details). The point of intersection of the
v-constrained, f-constrained and d-constrained
relationships gives apparent preferred speed and frequency
(vp and fp).