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Fig. 1. Electron micrographs of `studs', the globular headpieces of the
V1 complex of the V-type H+ ATPase. (a) Stereoelectron
micrograph of a vesicle from the apical region of a mitochondria-rich cell
after rapid freezing and freeze-drying of apical membrane segments of toad
urinary bladder (courtesy of D. Brown, Boston). (b) Negative stained electron
micrograph of a vesicle after purification of goblet cell apical membranes
from the midgut of the tobacco hornworm (courtesy of M. Huss and H. Wieczorek,
Osnabrück). The diameter of `studs' (portasomes) is approximately 10 nm.
The average density is about 16 800 studs µm-2 of membrane in
the toad urinary bladder (Brown et al.,
1987) and about 5000 µm-2 in the tobacco
hornworm.