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Fig. 5. DPIV setup. (A) Typical velocity vectors. The black thick line denotes wing
section and the solid-dot the leading edge. The white area in front of the
wing represents the shadow due to the nontransparency of the aluminum wing.
Scale bar, 200 mm s-1. (B) Sketch of DPIV arrangement. The large
gray arrow denotes the positioning translation of the model system. X
and Z are two axes in the horizontal plane, while Y heads
vertically away from the ground; z, the distance between the
wing-base and the laser-sheet; r, the effective wing length. The
laser-sheet and CCD were always perpendicular and parallel to Z,
respectively.