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Fig. 3. Sketch of flapping motion in hovering. (A) Left: spatial configuration of
the flapping motion of a model wing. The thick black line denotes the leading
edge; OT, translational axis; OZ, rotational axis; OD and OU, the
translational extreme positions; R, model wing length; r,
effective model wing length; 
, stroke amplitude; 
, instantaneous
translational angle. Right: the motion of a section of the wing. 
,
instantaneous angle of attack; 
, instantaneous rotational angle
(=90-°); black thick line denotes wing section and solid-dot,
the leading edge. (B) The kinematic curves over one period. The translational
and rotational angular positions are normalized using and
m (maximal rotational angle), respectively. The black line at
t/T=0.25 denotes the DPIV triggering phase.
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