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Fig. 6. Horizontal sections through the larynx of Amolops tormotus. (A) Male larynx, through dorsal-third of vocal cords. (B) Male larynx through mid-portion of vocal cords showing shape of vocal cords along most of their length. Vocal cords consist of lateral and medial vocal ligaments. Elastic fibers are dark purple. Elastin pads and adjacent epithelium extending into laryngeal lumen from aditus are distortion artifacts of tissue processing and normally line the adjacent wall of the laryngeal lumen. Note the highly vascularized network of serous cells surrounding air channels in the posterior laryngeal pouch. (C) The female larynx of A. tormotus is approximately twice the size of the male larynx. In other frogs the male larynx is larger than that of the female. arc, arytenoid cartilage; ce, ciliated epithelium of pharynx; ctc, cricotracheal cartilage; dmi, laryngeal dilator muscle, inferior branch; dms, laryngeal dilator muscle, superior branch; ll, lateral vocal ligament; pmh, posterior medial process of hyoid; ml_ca, medial vocal ligament, caudal portion; ml_cr, medial vocal ligament, cranial portion; spm, sphincter muscle; vn, vascularized network filling caudal laryngeal pouch. Arrow represents direction of expiratory airflow. Sections are 10 µm. (A,B) Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin stain for elastic fibers counterstained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. (C) Masson's trichrome stain. Elastic fibers are unstained and appear gray. Bar, 500 µm; applies to all sections.

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