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Fig. 4. Isothermal tracking does not affect the speed, wavelength, or frequency of
propulsive undulations. (A) Using video microscopy, we quantified the
propulsive undulations of C. elegans. Here, we show the
representative path traced by the head of a worm crawling along an isotherm
near 20.1°C on a spatial thermal gradient with 0.7°C cm-1
steepness. Based on the video images and movies of C. elegans
crawling freely on agar surfaces and tracking defined spatial thermal
gradients, we quantified the wavelength of sinusoidal bending (B), the
temporal frequency of the propulsive undulation (C), and the center- of-mass
speed of the movement of the animal's body. In (D), black circles represent
direct measurements of the center-of-mass speed, and the white circles are the
product of the wavelength and frequency measurements from (B) and (C). Each
data point corresponds to measurements with 20 animals. Error bars represent
± 1 s.d., which reflect the worm-to-worm variabilities in the speed and
geometry of propulsive undulations.
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