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Fig. 2. The measurement system. We measured the vertical force of the bumblebee
using a load cell. This load cell was hard-wired to an amplifier using a 100 V
AC power system. The output signal was digitalized by an A/D converter, and
then stored on a PC. The output signal of the amplifier was imported as
channel 1 (CH1). We used a light signal to identify the visual stripe motion,
whose output was imported as channel 2 (CH2). This light signal circuit was
connected to the flight arena controller. The phase and frequency of the
visual oscillation were identified using the CH2 waveform, which enabled us to
synchronize the data of the input (visual oscillation) and the output (force
variation).