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Fig. 7. Direction of single-leg round reaction forces in geckos climbing vertically (B–D) and (A) running on level ground. (A) Single leg GRFs during level running. Circle with a dot in the center represents a vector that points toward the reader. t1 represents the time in the first half-step when the forces shown are generated. t3 represents the time in the second half-step. (B) Single leg GRFs during climbing. Circle with an x in the center represents a vector that points away from the reader. t2 represents the time at mid-step when the forces shown are generated. (C) Lateral view of normal GRFs during climbing. (D) Lateral view of overturning (Mo) and stabilizing (Ms) impulse moments during climbing where Fleg is the mean normal force generated by the forelegs over a stride period ({Delta}t), R is the stabilizing moment arm from the foreleg to the hindleg pivot, the integral of Fleg from 0 to {Delta}t represents the foreleg impulse, g is acceleration due to gravity, Mb equals body mass, and r is the distance of the COM to the wall.





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